Factors which may affect the Learning Process Essay

The nature of the learning process has been studied by psychologists and physiologists. Many experiments have been performed and the literature on the subject is voluminous. There has been continual process in exploring what is not known about learning. Each year sees new discoveries and new hypotheses. Some proposed hypotheses were proven wrong and some older discoveries were made eligible for major modification. Subjecting individuals and classes to scientific measurements has lifted certain phases of learning from the realm of speculation to the realm of science. At present, there is no comprehensive theory concerning all aspects of learning. There is considerable disagreement about the language to be used in describing learning. Different writers hold conflicting positions on the degree of specificity of generality appropriate in talking about learning. The science of psychology is of significance for the light that it throws upon the nature of the learning process and upon the conditions most favorable to learning. Many other sciences have contributed a great deal to an understanding of the nature of the learning process and to the principal issues involved in the education of boys and girls. For example, sociology, physiology, biology, and biochemistry have added much to the improvement of educational procedures. In order to understand the teaching process, the students or the teacher must first know something about the learning process concerns the teacher no less than the pupils. Although the teacher cannot do the actual learning for the pupil, he can facilitate learning through effective teaching. Effective teaching and learning demand mutual understanding between teacher and learner. Moreover, motivation of school learning is closely related to the law of readiness. Readiness does not connote the mere desire to learn, his self concept and self-confidence, his levels of aspiration, and his knowledge and appraisal of how well he is doing in relation to his goals. This paper intent to discuss factors which may affect the learning process. II. Discussion A. Factors which may affect the Learning Process It has been found that the pupil’s difficulty in leaning may be due to many factors within the child himself. Some of the important factors which may affect the learning process are as follows. Intellectual factor. The term refers to the individual mental level. Success in school is generally closely related to the level of the intellect. Pupils with low intelligence often encounter serious difficulty in mastering schoolwork. Sometimes pupils do not learn because of special intellectual disabilities. A low score in one subject and his scores in other subjects indicate the possible presence of a special deficiency. Psychology reveals to us that an individual possesses different kind of intelligence. Knowledge of the nature of the pupils’ intellect is of considerable value in the guidance and the diagnosis of disability. The native capacity of the individual is of prime importance in determining the effectiveness of the learning process. Learning factors. Factors owing to lack of mastery of what has been taught, faulty methods of work or study, and narrowness of experimental background may affect the leaning process of any pupil. If the school proceeds too rapidly and does not constantly check up on the extent to which the pupil is mastering what is being taught, the pupil accumulates a number of deficiencies that interfere with successful progress. In arithmetic, for instance, knowledge of basic addition is essential to successful work in multiplication. Weakness in addition will contribute directly to the deficiency in multiplication. Likewise, failure in history may be due to low reading ability or weakness in English. Similarly, because of faulty instruction, the pupil may have learned inefficient methods of study. Many other kinds of difficulty which are directly related to learning factors may interfere with progress. Physical factors. Under this group are included such factors as health, physical development, nutrition, visual and physical defects, and glandular abnormality. It is generally recognized that ill health retards physical and motor development, and malnutrition interfere with learning and physical growth. Children suffering from visual, auditory, and other physical defects are seriously handicapped in developing skills such as reading and spelling. It has been demonstrated that various glands of internal secretion, such as thyroid and pituitary glands, affect behavior. The health of the learner will likely affect his ability to learn and his power to concentrate. Mental factors. Attitude falls under mental factors. Attitudes are made up of organic and kinesthetic elements. They are not to be confused with emotions that are characterized by internal visceral disturbance. Attitudes are more or less of definite sort. They play a large part in the mental organization and general behavior of the individual. Attitudes are also important in the development of personality. Among these attitudes are interest, cheerfulness, affection, prejudice, open-mindedness, and loyalty. Attitudes exercise a stimulating effect upon the rate of learning and teaching and upon the progress in school. The efficiency of the work from day to day and the rapidity with which it is achieved are influenced by the attitude of the learner. A favorable mental attitude facilitates learning. The factor of interest is very closely related in nature to that symbolic drive and reward. Emotional and social factors. Personal factors, such as instincts and emotions, and social factors, such as cooperation and rivalry, are directly related to a complex psychology of motivation. It is a recognized fact that the various responses of the individual to various kinds of stimuli are determined by a wide variety of tendencies. Some of these innate tendencies are constructive and others are harmful. For some reason a pupil may have developed a dislike for some subject because he may fail to see its value, or may lack foundation. This dislike results in a bad emotional state. Some pupils are in continuing state of unhappiness because f their fear of being victims of the disapproval of their teachers and classmates. This is an unwholesome attitude and affects the learning process to a considerable degree. This is oftentimes the result of bad training. Social discontent springs from the knowledge or delusion that one is below others in welfare. Teacher’s personality. The teacher as an individual personality is an important element in the learning environment or in the failures and success of the learner. The way in which his personality interacts with the personalities of the pupils being taught helps to determine the kind of behavior which emerges from the learning situation. The supreme value of a teacher is not in the regular performance of routine duties, but in his power to lead and to inspire his pupils through the influence of his personality and example. Effective teaching and learning are the results of an integrated personality of the teacher. Generally speaking, pupils do not like a grouchy teacher who cannot control his temper before the class. It is impossible for a teacher with a temper to create enthusiasm and to radiate light and sunshine to those about him. Pupils love a happy, sympathetic, enthusiastic, and cheerful teacher. Environmental factor. Physical conditions needed for learning is under the environmental factor. One of the factors that affect the efficiency of learning is the condition in which learning takes place. This includes the classroom, textbooks, equipment, school supplies, and other instructional materials. In the school and at the home, the conditions for learning must be favorable and adequate if teaching is to produce the desired instructional materials and equipment play an important part in the instructional efficiency of the school. It is difficult to do a good job of teaching in poor type of building and without adequate and instructional materials. A school building or a classroom has no merit when built without due to regard to its educational objectives and functions. III. Conclusion In conclusion, our knowledge concerning learning and the teaching process has thus undergone profound development in the last twenty-five years. Once it seemed sufficient for the educational psychologist to formulate a set of principles of learning around fairly simple concepts of exercise and effect. The teacher applied these principles through the techniques of drill, reward, and punishment. But with the development of theory and research, the psychologist has found it necessary to expand and to refine his understanding of learning with consequent important implication for learning. Reference: 1. â€Å"The Learning Process. † (Nov. 11, 2003). http://www. dynamicflight. com/avcfibook/learning_process/

Pyrite

Pyrite is a very interesting mineral for many reasons. The name Pyrite comes from the Greek word â€Å"pyr† which means â€Å"fire,† and was named because  it was  found that sparks would fly from it if struck against another minerals like steel. In early times, this sparking ability gave people a way of creating fire, and in later times, this  ability made it popular for  use  in early firearms devices  like the wheel lock. Today Pyrite  is called  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Fools Gold†Ã‚  because throughout  history people  have mistaken it for Gold  because of  its similar visible structure, metallic surface  and brassy yellow color.The funny thing is Gold is often found  with to  Pyrite deposits. Pyrite can easily be distinguished from Gold. Pyrite  is much lighter in color and  much harder. Even though Pyrite is a fairly hard mineral, its crystals are known to  break and crumble, because it is brittle. Pyrite is common in the Earth's crust and found in almost  every possible geological environment like sedimentary, metamorphic, magmatic and hydrothermal deposits. Pyrite's usual crystal forms are cubic, octahedron and pyritohedron.When a cube and pyritohedron crystal combine, the  face of the cube  appear to be grooved with lines. Many times Pyrite will be found  in combinations of all these forms, but also can occur in masses, globular, radiating  or reniform. Pyrite is also commonly found  as small nodules. A mixture of this nodular  form, and are called â€Å"Pyrite Suns† or â€Å"Pyrite Dollars†,  are popular for collectors. Pyrite has the same chemical makeup as Marcasite but has a different structure, and shape. Pyrite is a polymorph of  Marcasite and it can be extremely  difficult to tell apart.The name Marcasite came from the Arabic word for Pyrite. The confusion between the two minerals is common because the jewelry  trade uses the name  Marcasite, when they are actually  s elling Pyrite. Actual Marcasite can’t be used in jewelry because it is even more likely than Pyrite  to crumble into a  powder. Another mineral named Bravoite is very closely related to Pyrite,  but contains 20% more nickel. Even though Pyrite contains a high percentage of Iron and is common, it is not used as a source for Iron today. It was mined as a source for Sulfur during WWII to produce sulfuric acid.The Sulfur  component of  Pyrite was in high demand as a strategic chemical, and was found in parts of Tennessee. The Pyrite supplied them with enough sulfuric acid to get the job done. Pyrite can be used to make marcasite jewelry and it usually set in silver. Pyrite is always in the process of being created or destroyed. It is mostly a good mineral but does have its down sides. Sulfate released from decomposing pyrite combines with water producing sulfuric acid, which leads to acid rock drainage and potentially acid rain.Pyrite also has caused problems for miners . The main issue is dust explosions brought from Pyrite. To prevent these explosions the miners spray limestone on the exposed coal surfaces. Pyrite has also been known to cause some structural damage, and did so in the U. S. , Canada, and Ireland. In 2009 problems with Chinese drywall imported into the U. S. after Katrina were results of oxidation of pyrite. Stone buildings containing pyrite have been known to turn brown. Other than a few problems, Pyrite is a beneficial mineral.

Incumbents and Their Re-election Essay

Statistical research suggests that in 1998 a total of 395 Representatives and 26 Senators were reelected (U. S. Census, 2000). Since the middle of the 20th century and up to the present time, the process of re-electing incumbents has turned into one of the major political trends. The more incumbents sought to reestablish themselves in political office, the more concerned political scholars became about the causes and factors of such political advantage. The current state of political research suggests that a whole set of factors predetermines incumbents’ continuous political success, with access to media and excessive financial resources being the most important elements of political fight. True, those trying to become the members of political office for the first time often lack sufficient political opportunities, compared to resources, which incumbents can access and use in their election campaigns. Reelection of incumbents has already turned into the major political trend in the U. S. , and there are several reasons for that. To begin with, incumbents are frequently referred to as â€Å"the perks of Office†; in other words, all Congress members are given enough material and nonmaterial resources to hire professional staff, whose primary responsibility is to turn their Congress employers into well-represented, widely recognized and well-liked political figures (McKay 140). For example, incumbents can send postage-free letters to their constituents, and can use these as a part of their promotional political campaigns (McKay 140). These are just some out of many benefits which Congress members are being granted by the state. Time is just another component of incumbents’ success in Congress. It should be noted, that Congress is incumbents’ full-time job, and meeting voters, resolving local issues, and participating in public events and television shows are what they are being paid for. It appears that for many potential candidates to run for office and to try to combat an existing Congress member would mean to face the lack of media and financial resources, which for the current Congress members are available on a regular basis (McKay 147). Certainly, all these benefits would be irrelevant and unimportant if not for the image promotion and visibility of all Congress members. It is difficult to deny the fact that â€Å"sitting members of Congress are almost universally recognized in their districts† (Cusdi). This visibility is the direct result of one’s running for office, and after having served two or more years for Congress, its members become widely recognized and accepted among their constituents; and voters are more likely to give their vote to those whom they already know for their Congressional achievements than those, who just start their political career. It should also be noted, that such political visibility is directly associated with incumbents’ ability to organize their promotional campaigns. Having won at least one election campaign, an incumbent is more prepared to face the major political and organizational challenges than his (her) political opponents (McKay 152). Finally, these are financial resources that predetermine incumbents’ political successes. McKay writes that â€Å"for both senators and representatives, money has become a crucial resource in congressional elections. With voters acting in response to the appeal of individual candidates rather than to parties, both incumbents and challengers must ensure that the voters know who they are and what their record is† (169). It appears that in terms of money, incumbents also have significant comparative advantage over political outsiders. Average financial resources available to incumbents are 2-3 times higher than those available to challengers, which makes it impossible for the latter to develop well-grounded media campaigns. For example, in 2002 many Republican incumbents took advantage of â€Å"fundraising visits by President Bush during the 2002 election cycle† (Smith, Roberts & Wielen 74). As a result, incumbents have much more chances to win elections for the second time, and will hardly give their position away to political outsiders. Conclusion A whole set of advantages works to provide incumbents with an opportunity to be reelected. Time, visibility, access to media, and excessive financial resources – all these factors make incumbents less vulnerable to political changes and give them a kind of comparative advantage over political challengers. On the one hand, these advantages seem to make elections unfair, but on the other hand, political outsiders have to develop convincing argumentation that would persuade constituents to change their political commitments, and to give a political beginner a unique chance to run for office.

Appreciating Life as the Central Theme of the Movie Awakenings Essay

Appreciating Life as the Central Theme of the Movie Awakenings - Essay Example The plot of the movie directly relates to the primary theme in a very literal way. In telling the story of people whose lives have been taken away from them, in effect, via a medical illness for which there is no cure, overtly conveys the value of life. Though the patients are living and breathing individuals, they are extremely constrained in terms of movement, communication, independence and common daily activities that most people engage in every day without a second thought. They must live in an institutional environment where they are under constant supervision and care and cannot enjoy any of the trappings of ‘normal’ life such as love, activities, work, recreation and the pursuit of personal interests and fulfilment. As the movie focuses on the solitary and sedentary nature of these patients lives during the early parts of the film, the changes that occur when they are dosed with the new drug are made even more apparent, exciting and moving by contrast as the audi ence begins to see them leave their comatose states and become active individuals who each have a unique personality. Each patient, in particular Leonard the protagonist, is so utterly appreciative and excited by this new lease of life, that it forces the audience to relate to positive aspects of their own lives in a more appreciative way. As the narrative continues and the audience slowly realises that the effects of the drug are limited and of a short duration, this delivers a dramatic impact as life is again snatched away from the patients. As we see Leonard eventually retreat back to his vegetative state and his acceptance of his fate, it re-instates the vulnerability of life and the massive importance we must place on its value while we have it. The fact that Leonard tries to make the most of the rest of his time as an active individual despite understanding his destiny, is extremely moving and it effectively emphasises the theme of the movie. One scene in particular, where Leo nard dances with his love interest and tries to savour each moment of it as he knows it is his last, is particularly poignant. The setting of the story amidst a hospital environment also effectively serves to emphasise the movie’s theme. Hospitals are synonymous with death, illness and the mortality of life and this setting immediately relates to these ideas. Seeing characters taking medication, undergoing medical treatment and generally being in vulnerable and fragile states is directly indicative that life is a precious gift that should not be taken for granted. Sickness is often something that healthy people take for granted, in that, if they are not sick, they tend to focus on other problems within their lives, to the detriment of not enjoying their lives as much as they should. It is usually only when people are diagnosed with an illness that they begin to appreciate all that having a healthy body and mind means. In this medical setting, this theme is very dramatically c onveyed both literally and symbolically. Through the portrayal and development of characters the movie also explores its life-affirming theme. From the perspective of Leonard it is perhaps examined at its deepest level as the audience witnesses this character go from a catatonic state, to a thoroughly active

How can we conserve biodiversity on a global scale using evidence from Essay

How can we conserve biodiversity on a global scale using evidence from evolution in deep time - Essay Example Because of the changes in the plate tectonics combined with the fossil remains of the ancient reefs which was formed approximately between 360 to 440 million years ago (Veron, 2004), rock formation that we have today is formed. Aside from the changes in the Earth’s surface, the extinction of each species may also contribute to the formation of a new species. In line with this matter, Fredrickson and Onstott (1996) discussed the possibility that the subterranean bacteria could have been responsible not only in the erosion process of rocks but also in terms of converting the minerals from one form to another. Millions of years ago, the atmosphere was composed of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, methane, sulphur, and nitrogen gases (Brasier et al., 2002; Haynes, 2002). Biologists suspected that the presence of photosynthetic bacteria around two to three million years ago has changed the atmospheric condition we have today by releasing some oxygen into the atmosphere. (Haynes, 2002) The living fossils managed to survived hundreds of million years ago. However, 99.9% of all the species are now extinct (Raup, 1991, pp. 3 – 6). For this study, the past human and environmental factors that can significantly affect the extinction of some of plants, animals, micro-organisms, and the ecosystem among others will be thoroughly discussed followed by reflecting on how we can effectively conserve biodiversity on a global scale based on the identified major causes of extinction. As part of the conclusion, recommended ways on how we can prevent the mass destruction of biodiversity will be provided in details. Human actions can result to a significant change within the environmental. Because of heavy industrialization, the loss of habitat due to heavy pollution or the extinction of trees in the forests are among the common factors that could endanger the plant and animal

Psychology and Child Psychiatry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Psychology and Child Psychiatry - Essay Example The manner, in which the parent and the child relate, influences the outcome behavior of that particular child in his/her adulthood life. Furthermore, attachment theory looks at how this relationship in the early life affects both the mental and emotional aspects of children in their adulthood. In relation to criminal justice, attachment theory evaluates both the prosocial and antisocial behavior of children and their effects to the social norms and control. Poor attachment between the child and the parent results in antisocial behaviors manifesting itself within the child such as imitating public figures and peers that supplement the child-parent relationship. Attachment theory asserts that a good relationship between the child and their parent may lead to better emotional development and mental well-being. However, parent-child attachment has its implications if not well established. It may lead to children acquiring attributes and traits that do not conform to the social norms, such as, getting involved in criminal. Secure child-parent attachment results to the child developing sense of self-control and positive attributes. Contrary to that, insecure child-parent attachment may result to the adulthood life of that child to face difficulty in conforming to the social control and norms of the society. Weakened child-parent relationship may lead to increased crime related activities since the children. Parent-child bond is a crucial determinant to the overall relationship of that child with the social norms. It has been examined that weaker bond results to unaccepted practices later on. This is evident whereby a child raised up by aggressive and abusive parents, develops a negative behavior towards life. He/she may be characterized violence and aggression to others. Additionally, this child may seek refuge in oneself for comfort, love and affection denied to him/her by the parent(s)

Internet in life Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Internet in life - Research Paper Example However, using a computer today is fun because of the internet. The internet has become such a necessity that it is almost impossible to figure out how our lives would be without it. Since its invention the whole world has become one big community as people are able to communicate with each other despite the distance between them or the different time zones they are in (Rosenberg 22; Tapscott,60) Parents can follow the proceedings of their children’s graduation ceremony through the internet, doctors can communicate with their patients and business executives can have boardroom meetings with colleagues from all over the world. This paper seeks to critically examine the benefits of the internet in our social lives and in sectors like communication, education, economy and politics. Computers have become one of the greatest innovations the world has ever had. They have changed the way people organise, perform, analyse and store their work. Almost every home in the world has at lea st one computer. Today, tasks are performed faster and more efficiently since people are using these machines in executing the tasks. According to Swedin, Gottfrid and Ferro, history of the computer dates back to the nineteenth century when Charles Babbage designed the first computer. The World War II and the Cold War led to the development of digital computers as nations sought to tighten their security. The development of interactive interface SAGE in the United States and connecting computers across the country with ARPANET led to the internet. As people evolve, computers and the internet technologies evolve too (7-9) Swedin and Ferro say that the computer does not organise information like the human brain. Many different jobs can be done simultaneously and the device is able to sort out its files so there is no need for book-keeping. Complex accounting formulas are processed within a very short time. The computer is also able to produce very precise images and graphs and all thi s information can be sent to millions of people across the globe instantly (44) Almasy says that, the internet traces its roots all the way in the 1950’s. In 1973, the U.S. Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) initiated a research program, to connect several research databases across the country. In 1988, the Internet began to get the attention in the popular press after the release of the first computer virus at Cornell University. Almasy also notes that 1991 saw the beginning of the transition of the Internet as we know it today. Websites like AOL, Netscape and Webcrawler were invented in the mid 1990’s. Previously, Mosaic and Netscape were the only browsers in use but majority of Americans were still using old methods of communication like the post office. By the mid nineties, a total of four million people in the United States used the browsers each month. Today, Billions of people use the internet each day, some to search the web and others to send em ails. The emergence of social media like Facebook and Twitter has also increased the number of internet users. The internet has become a crucial part of life (Web, 10 December, 2013) The internet has influenced almost all the things done in life today. Houses, furniture, household equipment, dresses and jewellery can be bought online. Not forgetting advertisements that are everywhere on the net. Greenfield discusses the magnitude of how the net has reorganised and reshaped our lives. He has developed a

3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

3 - Essay Example rative characteristics associated with teacher motivation and teachers’ attitudes when it comes to working in low-income school contexts as well as teaching students from minority communities. 4. The first research question was to identify the teacher’s as well as schools’ characteristics that boost levels of responsibility among the teachers. Researchers hypothesized that those teachers showing a strong will to assume the full responsibility for the learning of all students have positive attitudes, dedication and experience. They also hypothesized that such teachers are found in schools where administrative support is strong. The second research question was to investigate the relationship between teachers’ responsibility and achievement levels among students. The hypothesis was that teacher responsibility has a significant influence on learning by students i.e. teachers who show high responsibility have positive and long lasting influence on the students’ perceptions about them as well as the school. 5. The research used the approach of case study in which teachers from six different school settings were studied. Interview and observation methods were used to collect and record the research data which was letter analyzed. Ethnography was also used to study the teachers’ attitudes in the low income schools. A mixture of research approaches were therefore employed in the study. 6. the study took the descriptive research design and survey method where the teacher characteristics in the different school settings were observed, recorded, interrogated and analyzed to answer the research questions. 7. The study was done on a population of teachers in kindergarten and first grades. A total of eight kindergarten teachers were selected; 3 Afro-Americans, 1 Asian-American and 4 whites. Four first grade teachers were selected all of which were white. A total of eight classes were used for the study i.e. seven kindergarten and four first grade classes. The

Introduction to business law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Introduction to business law - Essay Example Managers need to remain increasingly concerned about the occurrences of any harmful incidents during the event. For instance, a court might consider several aspects if there occurs a harmful incident due to lack of air-conditioning facilities at the concert as can be witnessed with reference to the incident of Madonna’s concert in the UK recently. The aspects may include complying with the legal rules as well as regulations and making essential approvals relating to the concert. The various responsibilities of a safety manager at Madonna’s concert in Australia would be to construct a safe venue for the viewers or the audiences, offering ample space to the viewers for free movement which in turn shall also render them a comfortable space to enjoy the show without disruptions and appropriately managing the people including the working staffs. Moreover, the other significant role of a safety manager is to monitor various safety aspects for the conduct of an event which inc ludes electrical systems, fire prevention tools and accumulation of surface water among others. Hence, the scope in relation to the duties of an event manager is considered to be quite broader as the manager is entitled with various responsibilities to be performed since the initiation till the completion of the event. Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 1.Introduction 4 2.Event Context 5 3.Legal Issues 7 3.1.Overview of the Australian Health and Safety Laws 7 3.2.Legal Considerations 9 5. Recommendations 9 6. Conclusion 11 References 12 1. Introduction As to a recent instance regarding Madonna, it has been viewed that Madonna’s concert has significantly raised tremendous issue relating to health and safety. The demands of Madonna had ultimately resulted in generating huge troubles with health and safety officials concerning the event. The issue was regarding the impediment of air-conditioning as one of the prime demands of Madonna. With reference to the challenges witnesse d during this concert, it can be effectively noted that it is quite necessary to manage a particular event or a concert which would emphasise upon looking after the interests of both the artists and the viewers. In order to organize and manage the similar event with Madonna in Australia, laws pertinent with health and safety would be the topmost concern. In this discussion, a detailed report advising Madonna and her management on various legal matters will be taken into concern. The different matters would include determining the appropriate authorities in Australia who are responsible for maintaining the efficiency of event management in relation to health and safety. Moreover, identification of certain matters that a court might consider when analyzing the likelihood of an occurrence of a harmful incident due to lack of air-conditioning facilities at the concert will be discussed. Various aspects such as the work of a safety manager relating to a musical concert, carrying out vari ous safety checks and the duties of a safety manager prior to, during and immediately after the concert will also be portrayed in the discussion. 2. Event Context The nature of the proposed event is about organising a musical concert in Australia for entertainment. The chief artist of the concert would be the famous singer, actress, dancer as well as songwriter, Madonna. The event would likely be held in Australia’s one of the premium indoor venue i.e. ‘

Data base Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Data base - Essay Example of units, covered semester and type of subject if major or minor type. 1. Click the NEW BUTTON then fill up the necessary information in the text box, after you finish the entry click the Save Button. 2. To open / edit the existing Module double click the row in the database listing then edit the information then click the update or delete. Inventory Menu This menu allows the user to add and view any inventory materials in a given room or facilities. This also help for easy monitoring of number of facilities and materials to be issued to staff members also. 1. Click the NEW BUTTON then fill up the necessary information in the text box, after you finish the entry click the Save Button. 2. To open / edit the existing Module double click the row in the database listing then edit the information then click the update button or delete button. Registration Entry In this window the user can view the students course with its corresponding subjects and units informations given to them in a semester during the enrolment. In this, will load the entire module schedule of the student during the registration. 1. Click the student button to select the student to register. 2. Click the add button then a new row will be added to the msflexgrid data 3. Double click the row to select the module available. 4. You can also navigate the available program on the lower part of this entry then you can click the load all button to load the entire module schedule in the student registration. 5. After you finish click the save button Back Up In case of database error arises there's a backup database to restore. Choose the Folder where you will store you back up...In this, will load the entire module schedule of the student during the registration. Set rst = de.cn.Execute("SELECT stschedule.*,(Student.level) as rlevel,Student.height, Student.course, Student.depart, Student.level, Student.lname, Student.fname, Student.mname FROM stschedule INNER JOIN Student ON stschedule.idno = Student.idno Where stschedule.idno =" & search1 & " ")

Literature Review (Topic may be decided by writer) Research Paper - 1

Literature Review (Topic may be decided by writer) - Research Paper Example This paper tends to identify factors that limit the competency of workforce in an organization and suggests ways in which the competency of workers can be enhanced. The needs of workers, if fully met, can play a fundamental role in improving their competency at work. Competency is a very broad term and has been interpreted by philosophers in different ways. Some people have categorized competency into different types; â€Å"The competences required of an occupation include both conceptual (cognitive, knowledge and understanding) and operational (functional, psycho-motor and applied skill) competences† (Deist and Winterton, 2005). Others have resorted to defining the competency itself without any reference to its types. There is little to no consensus upon a unique definition of competency, and people generally vary in their interpretation of competency. Nonetheless, for the scope of this literature review, one definition of competency needs to be chosen from among a vast major ity of sources. In their book, Stern and Kemp (2004) have referred to competency as a product of three traits, which are an individual’s skill or knowledge, motivation and qualities in the personality. For the scope of this research, this definition will be taken forward and factors affecting workers’ competency will be analyzed with respect to their skill, motivation and personality traits. Workers develop their skill as a result of their years of schooling and training that they receive upon a specific field of their choice, that later becomes their profession. Different students get educated in the same educational setup but vary in their knowledge of the subject. This essentially tells that there are one or more than one factors in addition to the years of schooling and training that play a decisive role in the development of skill in an individual. Such factors include but are not limited to a student’s interest in the studies, conflict between the environm ent of school and that of the home, willingness of the parents to get their child educated, affordability of parents, the extent of time a student can dedicate to studies given the responsibilities towards family, and the psychology of the student. All of these factors and many more mutually shape a student’s level of association with studies. In order to make sure that a company benefits from the services of a highly knowledgeable and skilled workforce, the first step management can take is to be very critical in the selection of employees. This requires great contribution of the human resource department in the organization. The selection procedure needs to be very well developed so that a highly skilled workforce is made part of the organization at the outset. Once the workers have been hired, managers can improve their skill by providing them with on-job education and training. This practice has become common in a vast majority of world class enterprises. Development of t he employees’ skill is considered vital in order to gain competitive advantage over contemporaries in the market. A lot of companies make their employees undergo regular training session on the job. Although it does incur the owners some cost in the start, yet the loss is made up in the long run as workers’ competency in work is enhanced and they are able to perform in a better way. Motivation, like competency is also a very broad term. It can be

The Natural Born Citizen Essay Example for Free

The Natural Born Citizen Essay The President of the United States of America is the most powerful man in the world. The decisions that he makes and the policies that he enforce are things that have direct or indirect effects not only on the U. S citizenry but also on people living in other countries. This fact makes it imperative that a man or a woman who is going to assume the office as the President of the United States must have full control of his mental, physical, and emotional faculties when he takes over this important position. This is the primary reason why individuals who intend to hold office as president of the United States should be a â€Å"Natural Born† citizen. The wording â€Å"Natural born† means that the candidate should have been born into this world via natural birthing methods. THE NATURAL BORN CITIZEN THE FACTS ABOUT NATURAL BIRTHING Being born via a Natural birthing method ensures that the child has a huge probability of having full control over his Mental, physical and emotional faculties in comparison to those born via unnatural birthing methods (Caesarian method). Being born via Caesarian method has the following adverse effects namely: (a) The change that may take place on a child’s brain because of the chemical effects of anaesthetic drugs like morphine and lidocaine. These are drugs that are administered on laboring mothers to counter the immense pains associated to childbirth. Effects may include but would not be limited to cognitive and behavioral problems like long term Brain damage, ADHD and Autism (Stacey 2008). (b) Psycho social problems have a higher risk of occurrence on Caesarian born children than those who were born via natural means. According to Dr. Stanislov Grof, caesarian-born children often displays particular attitudes and personality traits like low self esteem, and difficulty in completing a task. CONCLUSION There is no question that the Position as Chief Executive of a country is a very demanding position that entails commitment and sound mental faculties. A person who is bound to get this office should have mental, physical and emotional resources that he could call upon to serve his country especially in troubled times. Caesarian born individuals are not fit to hold this office because there is a huge possibility that they are not intrinsically, physically and mentally fit enough to assume their duties as the president of the most powerful country in the World. This office demands that the person who holds office should have a nearly perfect if not fully unblemished mental and physical faculties. The THE NATURAL BORN CITIZEN position is not created by the constitution to be a testing laboratory for a potentially unfit individual. This position is not for the feeble minded, and the weak of heart. Any possibility of handing this position over to an individual who may be emotionally and mentally unstable is an unjustifiable risk that the most prominent country in the world cannot take. Such an undertaking is untenable and prejudicial to the best interest of the United States of America and her citizenry. The individual that should lead this great nation should have a sound body and mind at his disposal to best serve his country and his fellowmen. Anything less is a travesty to Democracy and Good Governance. References: Common Drugs Used During Labor and Their Side Effects. Retrieved May 22, 2010, from World wide web: http://natural-childbirth. net/tag/effects-of-drugs-on-baby/ Emerson, W. (1993). Treating birth trauma during infancy: Dynamic outcomes. CA: Emerson Training Seminars. Emerson, W. (1996). Treating birth trauma during infancy: Cord trauma. [Video-tape]. CA: Emerson Training Seminars English, J. (1985). Different doorway. Adventures of a cesarean born. CA: Earth Heart Press. Grof, S. (1998). Realms of the human unconscious. New York: Viking Press.

BioMedical Waste Management in an Indian Hospital

BioMedical Waste Management in an Indian Hospital Introduction: The waste produced in the course of healthcare activities carries a higher potential for infection and injury than any other type of waste. Inadequate and inappropriate knowledge of handling of healthcare waste may have serious health consequences and a significant impact on the environment as well. According to Bio-Medical Waste (management and handling) rules, 1998 of India, Bio Medical Waste (BMW) means any solid, fluid, or liquid waste including its containers and any intermediate product which is generated during the diagnosis, treatment, or immunization of human beings or animals or in research activities pertaining there or in the production or testing of biological and includes categories for same 1 The large volumes of health care waste if not managed properly can lead to a global hazard. This could not only lead to the spread of highly contagious diseases but the hazardous chemical waste produced by the use of items can cause considerable damage to the ecosystem and the environment.2 Majority of waste (75-90%) produced by the healthcare providers is non-risk or general and it is estimated that the remaining (10-25%) healthcare waste is regarded as hazardous the potential for creating a variety of health problems.3 Infectious waste may contain any of a great variety of pathogenic microorganisms. Pathogens in infectious waste may enter the human body via number of routes: through a puncture, abrasion, or cut in the skin; through the mucous membranes; by inhalation; by ingestion .4 Bio medical waste collection and proper disposal has become a significant concern for both the medical and general community. Among all health problems, there is a particular concern with HIV/AIDS, Hepatitis B and C, for which there is a strong evidence of transmission through healthcare waste.5In the healthcare sector alone, the World Health Organization estimates that unsafe injections cause approximately 30,000 new HIV infections, 8 million HBV infections, and 1.2 million HCV infections worldwide every year.6The BMW rule applies to all those who generate, collect, receive, store, transport, treat, dispose or handle BMW in any manner and also to every institution that generate BMW. Effective management of biomedical waste is not only a legal necessity but also a social responsibility. Hence, there is a need for resource material to help administrators, doctors, nurses and paramedical staffs. The purpose of Bio-Medical Waste are mainly to reduce waste generation, to ensure its efficient collection, handling, as well as safe disposal in such a way that it controls infection and improves safety for employees working in the system. For this, a conscious, coordinated and cooperative effort has to be made from all Hospital staff7. India already has biomedical waste management regulations including a ban on the incineration of biomedical waste with the exception of human and animal waste at the Union level, but their implementation and enforcement throughout the country has been inconsistent. The present cross sectional questionnaire study was conducted in Ahmedabad city, Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of interns, graduates post graduates at private dental colleges in Ahmedabad regarding biomedical waste management. Material and Method Ahmedabad is the largest city and former capital of the Gujarat. Ahmedabad is located on the banks of river Sabarmati, 32 km from the state capital Gandhinagar.7 The study sample includes intern, graduates and post graduates from private dental college in Ahmedabad. This study was conducted in private dental colleges in Ahmedabad City, Gujarat, India. A total of 135 dentists were selected, from which interns, graduates and postgraduates were divided equally. The selection of samples for the study was carried out by using simple random sampling technique. To make the sample more representative 45 Dentists from each private dental college were selected randomly. The sample size of 135 was determined. From each group from each college we have taken 15 subjects. Participants who do not want to participate in the study, not responding after repeated reminders and incompletely filled questionnaires were excluded from the study. The survey was scheduled to spread over a period of 1 month. A detailed weekly schedule was prepared well in advance. Although a detailed schedule was prepared meticulously, few adjustments and changes were done due to logistic reasons. Two days in a week were allotted for conducting the study. A questionnaire related to biomedical waste in the form of multiple choices was given to each participant and the response sheets were collated after a week. Principal Investigator collected the data. A pilot study was conducted on 20% of the total sample size to check the feasibility of the study and to validate the questionnaire. Prior to study a questionnaire was pre-tested and validated. The questionnaire was validated for construct and content validity, reliability and ease of use. Content and construct validity shows no significant changes. Questionnaire showed high degree (0.89) of agreement during test-retest of questionnaire. Those individuals who participated in the pilot study were not considered for the main study to prevent possible bias. The purpose and procedure of the study was informed to each participant and also participant information sheet was provided to each participant, which explains all aspects of the study. It was explained to them that they had no obligation to complete the questionnaire and could abandon it at any point without stating a reason. After explaining the purpose of the study, the informed consent was obtained from each participant who was willing to participate in the study. Data was collected by using pre-tested self-designed questionnaire. The questionnaire was developed in English only because it was expected that all doctors and nurses were able to comprehend English. The questions were framed in three sets; knowledge, attitude and practices of interns, graduates and postgraduates in relation to Bio-medical waste management. Each participant was given a separate copy of the questionnaire personally by investigator and requested to fill it up within seven days. Collected data was coded, compiled and tabulated. The data was analyzed by applying descriptive and inferential statistical analysis. Analysis was carried out using SPSS package version 17. Result: The present study was conducted to access â€Å"knowledge, attitude and practices of interns, graduates p.g. Students at private dental colleges in Ahmedabad regarding biomedical waste management. A total of 135 participants from private dental colleges of Ahmedabad city were included in the study population. Table 1. illustrates the distribution of subjects according to their gender. Out of 135 participants 79 (58.5%) were male and 56 (41.5%) were female. We can see the answers given by the participants in table 2 which is self explanatory. Table 3. illustrates that the majority of the participants were having good knowledge regarding bio medical waste management. Whereas their attitude towards the same was found little low which is an alarming situation (table 4) and they were doing fair practice of the same which is shown in (table 5). Table 1: The distribution of subjects according to their gender Table 2: Answers given by participants Table 3: shows overall knowledge of subjects: Table 4: shows overall attitude of subjects: Table 5: shows overall practice of subjects: Discussion: The participants involved in this study were assessed for knowledge, attitude and practice of BMW management. Interestingly, this study revealed that the awareness and proper practice of biomedical waste management was satisfactory which is correlating with the study of Sachan R.. According to World Health Organization, The humans element is more important than the technology. Almost any system of treatment and disposal that is operated by well-trained, and well-motivated staff can provide more protection for staff, patients and the community than an expensive or sophisticated system that is managed by staff who do not understand the risks, and the importance of their contribution8 (World Health Organization) For effective management of hospital waste it is essential that personnel hold positive attitude towards care of the environment, occupational health and safety and teamwork. Hospital waste management has major attitudinal and behavioral components9 Literature search show poor knowledge, attitude and practices of biomedical waste management among staff and have reported that there is urgent need to train and educate all the staff, in order to adopt an effective waste management practice. Which is not exactly matching with our studies. A chain is as strong as the weakest link in it, thus the entire staff involved in waste management at some point or the other should be trained properly. Our study shows almost all of the participants were having good knowledge of bio medical waste, which is not in siding with the study of Sudhakar V10. Before providing the training program, it is mandatory to understand the existing gaps and deficiencies in the study participants knowledge, perceptions, and behavior towards hospital waste management. Knowledge, attitude and practices of the personnel play an important role. Lack of these, even with good infrastructure and technology, is of little or no use in proper waste management. Knowing this, the training program can be aimed to make participants understand-environment friendly, healthy and economically viable in-house management systems, to ensure that the waste is carried responsibly from cradle to grave. Conclusion: Optimal waste management is at best, a moving target. Usually attenders are responsible for spearheading the waste management initiatives. Waste handling is left to lower-level workers who operate without any training, guidance, and supervision. Managing waste requires effective management of people who produce the waste, not just those who handle it. Its primarily the dentists who are responsible for waste generation. But currently, as most of us are aware it is mainly the resistant attitude of dentists that is responsible for poor results on this front. Dentist at the high end of hierarchy should take this issue, which needs to be addressed not as a burden difficult to bear. Proper management of dental hospital waste should be addressed with dignity, by concerted action as duty, and by no uncertain terms as responding to pressure. They probably should not do it because there is legislation, but they need to do it, as they are also socially accountable. References: Sharma AK, Bio Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules. Bhopal: Suvidha Law House; 1998. Aruna.C, Assessment of the knowledge, attitude and Practices regarding Biomedical Waste Management amongst the Medical and Paramedical Staff in Tertiary Health Care Centre, Int J Scientific Research, Vol. 2(7): 2012 Safe Management of waste from health care activities. WHO, Geneva; 1999. 4. Prà ¼ss A, Giroult E, Rushbrook P, Safe management of wastes from healthcare activities, Edited by  © 1999, WHO 5. Central Pollution Control Board. Environmental standard and guidelines for management of Hospital waste. CPCB, Ministry of Environment and Forest, New Delhi, 1996. 6. Analysis of Priority Waste Streams: Healthcare Waste. Final Information Document Commission of the European Communities (CEC), 1993 7. Khan KDL (4 June 2011), â€Å"The Symbol of Ahmedabad†. Navhind Times, retrived 24 Sept, 2013. 8. World Health Organization. Suggested guiding principles and practices for sound management of hazardous hospital waste. New Delhi: Regional Office for South-East Asia, World Health Organization; 2000. p. 3-5. 9.Rasheed S, Iqbal S, Baig LA, Mufti K. Hospital waste management in the teaching hospitals of Karachi. J Pak Med Assoc 2005;55:192-5. 10. Saini S, Nagarajan SS, Sharma RK. Knowledge, Attitude and practices of bio-medical waste management amongst staff of a tertiary level Hospital in India. J Acad Hosp 2005;17:54-9

What Motivates Employees To Work Effectively Business Essay

What Motivates Employees To Work Effectively Business Essay In the era of economic development, many people are employed in variety jobs in society; therefore, employers should find way to motivate their employees. In addition, with the improvement of living standards, there is a growing emphasis on good working conditions. According to the Douglas McGregors Theory X and Theory Y (1957), on the one hand, Theory X said people are very lazy and dont want to work. If the people of Theory X can do not have work, they will avoid to work. On the other hand, Theory Y said people work very seriously because the environment will motive the workers work. If employers give the comfortable environment to employees, employees will do their best in their job. Consequently, employers need to develop motivational states to meet their different staff needs and work output. This reserved focuses on motivating in the food service industry, different restaurants motivate their employees in different way so their employees how treat the customers will. This essay will analysis the Theory X employee in Norwich restaurants, second analyses the Theory Y of employees in Norwich restaurants, and finally analysis which motivational method leads to have effective workers. Literature Review (by Li Yu Xuan) F.W. Taylor think that the maximize income is the most important thing to motivate them. It means money is the only thing can motivate them. This led to Taylors belief in a differential piece-rate system of payment. This meant staff can get the wage by each unit of output at a standard piece rate. (p.14, F.W.Taylor) And another famous person who named Frederick Herzberg said that: split workers needs into two categories hygiene and motivators. Hygiene factors are concerned with the environment in which the job takes place working conditions, relations with the boss and co-workers pay. Motivators are factors that relate to the job itself-sense of achievement.(p.15, F.Herzherg) in this persons view, we can see the working conditions and working environment are very important for the workers. When the workers satisfied with these two factors, they will work more hand. Some people have anther view, From a staff effectiveness point of view, there are times when you want to be Theory X: f or instance, in health safety issues the rules will be rigid; there will be serious penalties for not following them. But if the issue is how best to handle a piece of new business, then results are likely to be far better if all involved have been consulted, their issues taken into account and an agreed best process determined. Collaborative working will favor Theory Y approaches. These people think workers in different situations prefer the different theory. The theory X and theory Y are all have advantages to the staffs. From these, we can see different people have different opinions to the two theories. Researches these two theories are important to the managers, understand them and know how to use them can help managers make the right decisions and motivate their workers in right way. Main body: Theory X (by Zhang Cheng Cheng) In theory X, people are assumed only working for money and security. Workers do not like to work and would try to work as little as possible if they can. Workers in the company or organization are lack of ambitions and hope to avoid responsibility. According to McGregor theory X is really based on the assumption that a) laziness is the human nature; and b) people only work for money. The perception of human laziness has long been recorded in religion history. In religion, Catholic declares humans seven SINS, one which is the lazy. Human beings are divided into two groups, most people are afore-mentioned lazy, only a few people can restrain themselves. To most people, working is a kind of burden to human rather than enjoyment. As far as they are concerned, they only need to do minimum work to survive. Theory X therefore has argued that as a result of this human nature most employees in the organization do not have ambition. Their personal goals and objectives are self-centered and not associated with the companys goals. They lack confidence and consider the personal safety is important. They do not want to be a leader and content to be just a follower who prefers to be led by others. Under the theory X management approaches range from hard to soft. With hard approach to deal with humans laziness the model of theory X management must rely on outside force strict control in order to achieve organizational goals which is so called hard approach. The management believes that workers need to be closely supervised and comprehensive systems of controls developed. A hierarchical structure is needed with narrow span of control at each and every level. By exerting the external force, command, control and punishment the theory X management will ensure their employees to feel threats so that their employees can make proper efforts to achieve the objectives of the organization. With soft approach theory X management appears to be lack of disciplines and to be permissive and only seek harmony with hope that in return people will cooperate when asked to do so. McGregor has argued neither hard nor soft approaches are optimal management approach because assumptions in theory X are incorrect. At one extreme, management is strict, peoples behavior methods include forced and intimidation, strict supervision. At the other extreme, management personnel is mild, peoples behavior, peaceful methods include tolerance. Severe may result in employees to against pressure and hostile while The gentle way may often lead to abandon management. The optimal management will be between hard and soft approach. We agree with McGregor that the management model should be the carrot and stick. On one hand, they stimulate employees effort to meet the organization objectives by offering money. On the one hand, they enforce the tight control and supervision and punishment for the organization work force. In conclusion, the carrot and stick incentive theory in certain circumstances can be reasonably functional. This management model above is an example which on the one hand offered money in order to buy and stimulate employees working enthusiasm, on the one hand, used the strict control, supervision and punishment for the organization work force. Main body: Theory Y (by Shih Chia Chi) In contrast, McGregors theory Y mentions that managers tend to be democratic as they conduct their workers. This is because employees enjoy work actively and accept responsibility. In this theory, employees are motivated efficiently by many different factors. Unless workers have proper conditions in many ways such as working environment, welfare or salary, workers do not argue about their job. They are satisfaction and committed. This is because Managers of Theory Y believe both employees have ability to control themselves in accomplishing targets and they are enjoyment of doing a job. Therefore, managers will provide more authority and power to their employees so that they have an opportunity to incentive their aggressive of the work. It is believe that they are full of ambition to pursue their aims. Thus, this type of workers not only has an excellent creativity but also contributes at work which helps them to figure out whole problems. These people always have clearly life achieve ment, so they always work hard and most of them interested in their jobs and try doing their best. All of the reasons are to improve productivity in order to increase more profit in every company. This is why McGregor create this theory, and many managers use it to organize their employees. As a result, workers who are belong to theory Y have a higher achieved then theory X. Theory Y which is a more people-centric management style applies to the human relations and human needs approaches(Bruce Jewell,2006). Findings (by Shih Chia Chi) We conducted a survey in Norwich by random sampling of people in the city centre restaurants. This survey search the reasons for what motivate employees efficiently in the service industry, and fit into McGregors theory X and Y. This purpose is to find an optimization method for managers to administer workers. According to the table (figure 1, page 11), most male are satisfied with the salary nearly 13 percent and working environment around 8 percent; otherwise, female are satisfied with holidays less than 15 percent and personal reason more than 12 percent. Therefore, the amount of men and women do not want to promote to a higher position by 25-28 ages in Norwich. (Figure 2, page12) Even though most people belong to theory X, a few workers are part of theory Y. Approximately 5 percent of whole data in working environment is more essential than other reasons as well as women. (Figure 3, page 13) A few people about 8 percent want to have a higher position from 25 ages to 28 ages. This sort of people is self-motivation, so they suit for using soft management style and power-sharing in McGregors theory Y that they are easy manage. Moreover, in the theory Y, most workers have high level job, e.g. professional servicers, knowledge worker- managers and the high educated workers. Those results can apply McGregors theory X to prove this finding, so managers of service industry must use strict management or give them reward. This finding will help companies to find the best way of classification people in order to enhance the efficiency of effort and output. Conclusion (by Huang Tan Yun) It has emerged that the large amount of employees were belong the Theory X, who avoided to work in their job and the small amount of employees, who belong the Theory Ys persons, can work seriously by the work environment. According to our survey, manager should give the Theory Xs staffs more money and seriously management way to work effectively and also the manager should make the great work environment to let the Theory Ys staffs bring into the talent in their job. In order to solve the problem which is the Theory X or Theory Y in the Norwich restaurants, renewable management policy has changeable. Although, this essay just only has examined the motivations in the Norwich restaurant, other areas have the different motivations to affect their employees. There are a number of factors which contributed to the different effective motivations are happened in different people, therefore, the policies in employers are created. In addition, the employees in work areas have the Theory X of people or the Theory Y of people so they have the different motivated effectible causes. That was why the policies have the serious management and soft management for employees. Generally, the good way of aim in the working areas will accord to the Theory Xs staffs to improve their factors for their work effectively. Bibliography (by Zhang Cheng Cheng) Douglas MÂ · Mc Gregor (1957) The Human Sideof Enterprise in Management Review, US http://baike.baidu.com/view/499453.htm Viewed: 11/03/2010 Smallbizguru (29/01/2010)Leadership in recession for small business- John Adairs Action- Centred Leadership in Business Ideas http:// smallbizguru. WordPress.com/ Viewed 11/03/2010 Jewell, B(2006) McGregors Theory X and Theory Y in Tricky topics:6-7 Taylor, F.W(2006) High-street motivation in BUSINESS Review: 14-15 Herzberg, F(2006) High-street motivation in BUSINESS Review: 15

Euthanasia :: Free Euthanasia Essay

Euthanasia A considerable portion of society supports euthanasia an instrument of preserving dignity in the terminally ill, bringing peace to the incurable, and closure to their families. Some Americans believe to maintain the democratic values upon which the Unites States stands in balance, they must possess the right to determine the applicable time to end a person’s life.(Chapman 209) The more widely help opinion comes in the form of opposition. The majority strikes out against euthanasia, targeting it as an instrument of the divine, a tool that humans, above democratic values and inalienable rights, dare not employ themselves lest they suffer the wrath of imposing on Almighty God. The human race as a whole must wipe their eyes of their own naà ¯vetà ©. Humans cannot play God. Encroaching on God’s proverbial territory would usurp divine function and interfere with divine plan. (Maguire 132) From Greek words meaning â€Å"good† and â€Å"death†, euthanasia is commonly referred to as mercy killing or physician assisted suicide.(Brody 75) The argument deals with the question of whether licensed physicians have the right to play a role in mercy killing. Indirectly executed and therefore viewed by and large with a lesser face of malcontent, a â€Å"Do Not Resuscitate† order, or DNR, refers to refraining from heroic measures to keep someone alive. In other words, a doctor may withhold treatment to let a person die naturally. Opposition arises in the form of protesters and activists, defrauding and doctor’s right to play God in trauma rooms and on operating tables. Unfortunately, courts and moral theorists ha long accepted the proposition that people have the right to refuse medical treatment they find painful or difficult to bear, even if that refusal means certain death. (Walter 176) A growing concern over medical costs questions family’s ability to make rational decisions as responsible caregivers. The cost of a dose of barbiturates and curare and the few hours in a hospital bed that it takes them to act is minute compared to the massive bills incurred by many patients in the last weeks and months of their lives. Legalizing euthanasia would render substantial monetary resources that could be used by the families or by the healthcare provider for more practical treatments. (Friedman 116) Permitting money to influence human life is overtly immoral, but nevertheless pressures the acceptance of euthanasia. If legalize, the natural evolution of policy and procedure would see growth in the category of patients for whom euthanasia is permitted.

Compare The Ways In Which Writers Tell Stories In The Following: The N :: essays research papers

The title of this essay states that I must include another text, of my choice. ‘The Naval Sisters Tale’ is written in the form of a transcript, whereas ‘The Obituary of Captain David Goodwin’ is in the form of an article. I wanted to choose something different to both of these texts, so along with these passages, I have chosen to incorporate ‘Back to the Army Again’ by Rudyard Kipling. I decided on this text as it has refrains (which I find particularly interesting and fun to say), also because I think it contains a sense of irony and holds an ambiguity within its simplistic structure. I shall start with ‘The Obituary of Captain David Goodwin’. The first things that struck me about this particular text was the fact that it had been printed in The Daily Telegraph, a fairly conservative newspaper that would have wanted to promote nationalism and preserve our countries remaining war heroes via our memories, and show that â€Å"we† are in fact a fearless nation! It is a very factual piece, and contains very short, and ‘to-the-point’ paragraphs. The title itself, a seemingly ‘dull’ and ‘uninspiring’ title, gives us an almost immediate insight into the lack of emotion within the text. The purpose of this text is to chart Captain David Goodwin’s career and life, although we are told little about his life outside of his career. It shows his involvement within the war, and highlights his achievements. This article focus’s in on the â€Å"best† part of his life, his naval career sea command. It can also be considered to be a genuine mark of respect, seeing as it is an obituary. I thought that it might also be a form of war propaganda, as it makes the war seem exciting and fun. It certainly portrays Captain David Goodwin as being a war hero. The quote included in the article, â€Å"one horrid little man firing at us† emphasizes the valour of him. He is referring to the Italian army as if they were a joke. The text starts off by stating his personal records, such as his age. It then gives a brief overview of his involvement in the war and the awards/medals that he gained. The author of this has done this so that we know what type of person we are dealing with, from the very second that we begin reading the text.

Essay page

Have chosen the story called â€Å"Facing poverty with a rich girl's habits† by Suck Kim. She starts out with very descriptive details on how her and her family went from the white picket fence and maids to staying with people and not having much at all. Another point I believe she tried to make was that she didn't fit in very well, there were other Koreans in the school, even in the same class as her but they didn't have much in common. She had playmates but that didn't last very long she didn't speak English. Skim's purpose in writing his story was to mainly say how she lost everything in a blink of an eye and ended up over here in America.This story would be nonfiction, and I would say her audience would be the people who have been through the struggle, the ones who have been there in life. Skim's attitude comes off in the beginning as snotty, mad, an upset teenager, but when you've been through something dramatic like that you couldn't say you wouldn't feel angry. During t he middle, it seems like she learns to deal with it, and realizing its part of life but Xx far from easy, but towards the end it seems like she's more laid back ND humble about life.My outlook on this story is that it was very eye catching from the title â€Å"facing poverty with a rich girl's habits† to the very last word. It was very interesting to say the least. Knowing that unexpected things to happen in life, and that not only did she have to move but to have to learn a whole new language, a whole new culture ,and to leave everything behind that she once knew is really tough on an adult let alone a child. Eve been there many times. Overall I'd say this was one of the best stories I've read.

A million dollars or a knighthood: what would you choose and why?

I hardly hesitated for a second before deciding my answer to this question. I would choose the money every time. Not that I am a particularly greedy person or that I don’t appreciate the ability of a title to ensure a decent table in a restaurant or a better seat on a plane. But the latter only works if the other person is impressed by a title.Money is much more versatile. And it grows. With the proper advice and investments I could not only meet my own needs, but I could make even more money and so be able to help a wider number of good causes.Even if all I did was invest the money in a luxurious house I would be helping others because of the number of people involved – lawyers, estate agents, builders, garden designers etc.All this isn’t what I’d really do though. I would buy a mobile home and travel first before deciding where to settle. I would be able to do something really useful such as fund a new well in a remote village or buy animals and seeds fo r a third world agricultural project.   Many charities have a titled person as a sponsor, just because, in some cases at least, they think that a title on the headed notepaper will impress. I am still to be convinced.And if I wanted status I could always use a little of the money to buy an ancient title such as the ones advertised on the web site Noble Titles Their prices start from only  £2,000 and I would by far above any Sir and still have plenty of money in my pocket.Titles do not pay bills, not do they fill larders, ensure commonsense or anything else really worthwhile, though I do admit that money does not quite do all of those. The title Sir was often bestowed by a grateful sovereign on some brave hero. I am just not that brave and will settle for the money. Where do I sign?

Project Management Research Paper Essay

The common denominator of all successful projects is the capacity and quality of its project managing mechanism. Project management is the discipline that integrates various processes towards the achievement of specific objectives and deliverables. This discipline is founded under the premise that all projects are unique, and no two are ever the same. Managing the efforts of those individuals involved requires a great deal of coordination, organization, and a forward thinking focus on the project’s objective[s]. Facilitating a successful integration of people variables and project variables towards specific objectives is the condition that the project management function provides. There is an enormous disparity between projects and operational processes. While each paradigms purpose is to yield a value and/or benefit to the organization the manner in which those values are created varies greatly. Operational processes involve the creation of organizational wealth through the manufacturing of a product or service. These processes are typically mechanistic and consuming specific resources while yielding linear and proportional revenues. In contrast, project objectives are unique, which inhibits the structuralizing of any procedural or mechanistic components. Projects occur within a lifecycle which begins with the projects selection. It is at this stage of the cycle that the project outcome is assessed for feasibility. â€Å"Project selection, the initial phase, refers to the time frame during which a strategic need is recognized by top management. It starts with identifying the needs and desires of the user of the project deliverables-the customer† (Jiang & Heiser, 2004). Very little resource consumption and collaborative efforts occur at this stage. The development stage of the project is a more involved process. It is during this stage that risk and impacts become realized and project management integration is applied. It is vital the project managers have a clear understanding of the project objective at this stage, and that risk mitigating plans be fully implemented. â€Å"The project manager and newly assigned team members meet to plan jointly at a macro level of detail the major activities that must be accomplished† (Jiang & Heiser, 2004). The third stage of a projects life cycle consists of implementation. It is during this stage that higher levels of risk are prevalent. â€Å"This is generally the longest phase of the project both in terms of duration and effort (Kloppenborg & Petrick, 1999). Implementation efforts can be highly involved and complex determined primarily by the scope and scale of the project. The fourth and final stage of the project life cycle is its termination. At this stage the project has beco me fully implemented, and any programs, products, or services are fully adopted by the end-users. A project that has achieved this stage on-or-under budget and time is considered successful. As budgets and time become inflated a projects success become proportionately debilitated. If the issues and impact affecting those consequences go unaddressed, the project will fail entirely. It is for this reason that measuring progress—at the micro level—and through each phase of the projects life cycle is crucial. A successful project manager not only maintains a constant focus on the projects end result, but also assesses task completion and progress on the basis of their costs and timing. When either these components become debilitated or show signs of retardation, it becomes the projects managers’ responsibility to escalate those efforts to appropriate levels of progress. Achieving this outcome requires that project managers possess those leadership qualities needed to motivate the necessary mechanisms. Furthermore, that assumes that leadership qualities affect accurate and effective communications to every layer of the organizational structure. One of the most important contributions project managers make to a project is the leadership capacity they fulfill. Effective leaders remain engaged throughout the projects lifecycle by the decisions they make and the efforts they put forward. However, effective leaders must also know when a situation/issue needs to escalated. The timing of the escalation is important, because it does not do any good if that  effort is reactive to the point that the solicited response becomes invalid. The study [Royal Air Force study] also found the universal applicability of the interpersonal sensitivity, influence and communication skills required to interact, whether it be in management co-ordination and problem solving, leadership motivation or command decision making, and that personal motivation, vigour and conscientious commitment that will lead to managerial control of the environment will also support leadership mastery and command success. (Turner, Mà ¼ller, & Dulewicz(2009). The impact these competencies have on the leadership and sponsorship capacity of project managers is invaluable to those efforts. Project managers that cannot effectively fulfill these conditions will find it difficult to motivate and escalate progress wh ere necessary. Capital improvement and traffic safety projects are the culmination of a series of complex phases. These phases consist of scoping and formalizing the projects charter; assigning authorization and responsibilities to each stakeholder; and procuring the necessary resources to execute and complete the project. Because these activities are performed by various project team members and outside stakeholders the activities require a great deal of coordination and communication in order to effectively perform the individual assignments and tasks. The success of these capital improvement and safety projects would not be possible without the implementation of various project management tools. The civil sector of the construction industry is the primary agent responsible for maintaining all public infrastructure, such as roads, bridges, water and sanitation systems, and pedestrian a vehicle safety devices. Assuming this responsibility involves implementing various maintenance and construction projects, each one with a different objective and scope of work. A project recently completed by the capital improvement projects (CIP) team involved both road-widening and drainage components. The project had a 24 month lifecycle, with 12 of those months used for securing funding and clearing the right-of-way for construction. The scale of this project warranted a great number of resources beyond financial and accounting. One such resource needed was consultants with design experience  whom had accomplished project of the same magnitude and in a similar fashion. Additional resources consisted of individuals with exceptional interpersonal and communication skills, as well as, organi zation, design[s] compilation, and documentation. A number of different project management tools were used to coordinate these efforts and efficiently consume these resources. The work authorization system was an invaluable asset of this project. The work authorization system was the instrument used by the project manager to account for project-specific work. Because there are always projects in various stages of a lifecycle that need attention, it is important to know how much time each project has consumed. In addition, work authorization allows the project manager to assess what efforts are needed for a specific phase of the project and determine if a member with a particular skillset can be added or reassigned to another project. Essentially, this tool allows the project manager to authorize the cash expenditures associated with that work, while tracking the capital budget for that fiscal year. â€Å"This process would be appropriate to define (or bound) the authorized or approved scope, schedule, and cost for the project. On most government projects, which are primarily funding limited, this work authorization process is the current year (or detailed ) work planning process intended to match the approved project work to the fiscal year funding plan.† (Douglas, 2000) Project status reports were vital to the cohesiveness of varying tasks towards objectives. The status reports for this particular project were formally submitted on a weekly basis, and involved meeting with all team members to discuss the previous week’s developments. The purpose of these progress meetings was to discuss any issues that may impact the project’s budget or its schedule. During these meetings the project manager reviews the reports and inquires on any events that â€Å"standout†. In addition, all pertinent information becomes available during these meetings, which allowed for a more collaborative and cooperative task engagement. Without this progress-tracking instrument, the progress status of the project’s varying phases would be difficult to assess and account for. The implementation of integrated manage tools has become a contributing factor of the capital improvement projects successes. Work authorization and scheduling systems provide the means to assess and control resources more efficiently, and the decision making process adopted by the CIP has dramatically minimized the costs associated with erroneous and/or delayed decisions. The use of these tools allowed for the high-profile road-widening and drainage project’s success, and continues to be an invaluable asset towards the efficient completion of subsequent projects. The project management plan is the method that establishes a link between efforts and outputs. Barkley (2006) â€Å"The project management plan defines how the project is executed, monitored, controlled, and closed† The plans components include people, namely the roles the individuals will play and the responsibilities assigned to them. The plan also requires inputs in the form of technology and financing that will aid in bringing the project-objectives to fruition. In addition to these components, an effective project management plan will include accurate and frequent communications. The essence of a good project management plan (PMP), PSMJ contends, is to keep it brief (you can do that simply by making reference to other documents instead of incorporating them), to the point, well-indexed, and not cluttered with text-instead, use tables and figures to illustrate your points. Distributed and regularly updated, the plan becomes a reference for the client; the team members; and principals, top managers, and administrators of your firm. (PMP, 2004) These items are the specific components needed to exact a project management plan. Segmenting the project into specific milestones is an important condition needed to monitor progress, and more importantly weigh all inputs against the objectives met. Segmenting affords a more accurate means of measuring current progress (current progress – resources consumed) and make adjustments to meet the anticipated results outlined in the projects charter. Without this segmentation comparing progress to costs would not be possible until the project’s completion, at which point the desired outcome would be less than the resources allocated for its creation. In conclusion, the formal role of a project manager is not difficult to grasp. However, the manner in which an effective project manager exacts this  function can be difficult to understand. This complexity is the consequence of integrating people, systems, and resources into a harmonious and unique sequence of events that culminate to achieve an objective. The quantifiable and qualitative paradigms of this d iscipline can be learned in any academic institution. However, the effective application of these principles is inherent to an individual’s character. References Barkley, B. (2006). Integrated project management. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 9780390319944 Collins, J., & Rowe, J. (2005). Management challenges unique to transit projects. AACE International Transactions, , PM151-PM156. Retrieved from Douglas,Edward E., I.,II. (2000). Project trends and change control. AACE International Transactions, , C10.1-C10.5. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/208184374?accountid=32521 Jiang, B., & Heiser, D. R. (2004). The eye diagram: A new perspective on the project life cycle. Journal of Education for Business, 80(1), 10-16. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/202820997?accountid=32521 Turner, J. R., Ralf Mà ¼ller, & Dulewicz, V. (2009). Comparing the leadership styles of functional and project managers. International Journal of Managing Projects in Business, 2(2), 198-216. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17538370910949266 Project management plan: A foundation for success. (2004). Design Firm Management & Administration R eport, 04(3), 1. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/223209894?accountid=32521

Examples of Innovative Products and Services

1. Objective Identify current issues and areas of improvement for small business banking in Canada Recommend innovative banking products 3. Examples of Innovative Products and Services Innovation Country Term Loans New Zealand Financing Products Diversity Loans U. S. Remote Deposit Capture U. S. Customer Customer Feedback Program, New Zealand Experience Online Banking Community Canada, U. S. Employee Benefit Programs U. S. Benefit Programs Priority Banking U. S. Foreign Exchange Order Watch Service Australia Factoring Canada Products Loans/Mortgages for Green Business Canada, UK, U. S. , Greece â€Å"Think Card† UK Green Business Treasurers Reserve Account UK Green Business Advisory Support Canada Category 2. Research Methods and Scope Official websites, professional reports, market surveys, government studies Domestic and international banks and credit unions (Canada, US, Europe, Australia and New Zealand) 4. SWOT Analysis Strength †¢ Advertisement capabilities †¢ Familiarity with innovations †¢ Scales of network allowing piloting †¢ Difficulty with business process changes †¢ Difficulty satisfying small business needs †¢ Promote diversity loans †¢ Promote green products . Gap Analysis Gap analysis reveals potential solutions for the bank to fulfill customer requirements Most of the potential solutions can be categorized as â€Å"Social Responsibility Products† 6. Recommendations Weakness Opportunity Threat A comprehensive social responsibility program includes: Loans to support local economies Loans to support w omen, youth, immigrant and disabled entrepreneurs Banking products to encourage and finance projects that contribute to environmental sustainability 7. References & Acknowledgements A point system to demonstrate recognition and appreciation for small business customers that share social values of the bank â€Å"Green Products for Commercial Banking Customers†, Business Banking Board, †¢ Competitors going for Catalogue Number: BBB17TXCXH. Small Business Financing. [Online]. Canadian Bankers Association. A kick-off marketing campaign to promote the new program and a [2010, Oct. 20] website dedicated to providing information for the program †¢ Losing customers to foreign We thank Prof. J. C. Paradi for providing us this valuable opportunity to work with a real client on an industrial project and Dr. J. Farvolden for guidance and advice Continuous cost/benefit analysis for products in the program and exchange companies along the way. We thank the Client for providing this project and supporting us with relevant information. We thank everyone who put in effort to make this changes as needed to match the social responsibility theme project available for us and wish the best for your future endeavors.

Expansion Devices

Page 1 of 4 Expansion Devices I. Introduction Expansion devices are basic components of a refrigeration system which carry out two major purposes: (1) the pressure reduction from the condenser to evaporator pressure and (2) the regulation of refrigerant flow into the evaporator. These expansion devices can be generally classified into two types which are namely the fixed opening type (flow area is fixed) and the variable opening type (flow area changes correspondingly with a change in mass flow rates).There are about seven basic types of expansion devices for a refrigerant in a refrigeration system. These include capillary tubes and orifice which are under the fixed opening type and the manual expansion valves, automatic expansion valve (AEV), thermostatic expansion valve (TEV), electronic expansion valve and float type expansion valve which are all under the variable opening type. The float type expansion valve is further classified into high side float valve and low side float valv e (Arora, 2006).One of the most commonly used expansion device is the capillary tube. For the purpose of this exercise, a computation related to it will be performed. In a lesson guide on expansion devices prepared by Prof. R. C. Arora in 2006, he/she defined a capillary tube as â€Å"†¦a long, narrow tube of constant diameter. The word „capillary? is a misnomer since surface tension is not important in refrigeration application of capillary tubes. Typical tube diameters of refrigerant capillary tubes range from 0. 5 mm to 3 mm and the lengths range from 1. 0 m to 6 m. II. Objectives The exercise was conducted to familiarize the students with expansion devices, its functions and its importance. Specifically, the objectives were: 1. ) to examine the construction of some commonly-used expansion devices; and 2. ) to assess the performance of some commonly-used expansion devices. III. Methodology A. Lab-Scale Refrigeration System A lab-scale set-up for a refrigeration system in the refrigeration laboratory was observed for the effects of expansion devices on the pressures at various points within the system.Three different types of expansion devices which are namely the capillary, constant-pressure and thermostatic expansion devices are activated by opening their corresponding valves. The reading at each of the five pressure reading points was recorded for every 2 to 3 minutes until they become stable. An image of the observed set- Page 2 of 4 up was taken and the locations of the pressure-reading points were labelled. See Appendix A for the image. B. Computation: Capillary Tube For the stabilized values of the condenser and evaporator pressures measured, the required theoretical length of the capillary tube was computed.The results were then compared with the actual length of the capillary tube observed in the laboratory. See Appendix B for the value of the computed and measured length of capillary tube. IV. Answers to Questions 1. In the computation part above, is there a discrepancy between the actual and the calculated length of capillary tube? Explain. Based on Table 1, there is a discrepancy between the computed and measured value of the capillary tube. First, it must be noted that throughout the computation, assumptions were made.Upon realizing the difficulty of obtaining a value for the mass flow rate, a reasonable value of it was assumed. This could affect the obtained theoretical length of capillary tube since some of the parameters involved in the computation require its use. Simply said, the theoretical length would either increase or decrease depending on the assumed value but never equal to the actual length, unless the same mass flow rate completely applies to the actual system (which might not really be the case).This is the same explanation behind the other assumed parameters. Additionally, the measurement of quantities necessary for computing the length of capillary tube is also subject to many possible errors. This may include errors due to the limitation of the instruments or devices or due to some human inflicted errors. From the computed percent error, it can be inferred that the two values for capillary tube length deviate from each other at the specified percentage. V. References Arora, 2006. Expansion Devices. [pdf file] Available at . VI.Appendix A. Figure with labels Page 3 of 4 PRESSUREREADING POINT 5 PRESSUREREADING POINT 1 PRESSUREREADING POINT 2 PRESSURE READING POINT 3 PRESSUREREADING POINT4 Fig 1. An image showing the pressure reading points in a lab-scale set-up for a refrigeration system B. Tabulated data Table 1. Measured and computed length of capillary tube Quantities Actual length (m) Theoretical length (m) Percent error (%) Values 4. 1 7. 17 42. 82 Note: Computations on how I arrived with these values are in the spreadsheet submitted with this report. Page 4 of 4

The benifits of nuclear medicine vs other forms of radiation exams Term Paper

The benifits of nuclear medicine vs other forms of radiation exams - Term Paper Example Today the stream of medical technologies has evolved to such an extent that almost all the medical specialists in medicine depend significantly on technology. In the following section this paper briefly describes the imaging modality called Nuclear Medicine. Although the imaging modalities like Nuclear Medicine, X-Rays, Computed Tomography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, are categorized as modalities of medical imaging. Except for Nuclear Medicine which is also termed as Radionuclide Scanning, rest all belong to the field of radiology. The latter half of the paper presents a contrast between Nuclear Medicine and other above mentioned modalities of radiology. Nuclear Medicine: It is an old modality of medical imaging that was discovered accidently in middle of the twentieth century. Nuclear medicine is the conglomerate of physics, chemistry, mathematics, medicine, detectors and computer technology. It uses predetermined amounts of radioactive material to diagnose ailments pertaining to c ancer, heart etc. This noninvasive branch of medicine uses imaging modalities after a radioactive material also known as radiotracers is either injected into the subject through intravenous injection or the subject is made to swallow or it is inhaled by the subject. The radiotracer gets settled in the part of the body that is to be imaged or studied. These radioactive substances emit gamma rays – that is electromagnetic radiations consist of photons. These rays are detected by a gamma camera etc. These devices enable the specialist to understand the condition of the body part, on the basis on the level of radiation that is detected by the detector. Some of the imaging techniques used in nuclear medicine are Positron Emission Tomography (PET Scanner), Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT), Bone Scanning and Cardiovascular imaging. Figure 1 shows a PET Scanner. Nuclear medicine is helpful in detecting cancers, inadequate flow of blood to various tissues in the body , improper functioning of organs. Figure 1. PET Scanner (Zwanger-Pesiri Radiology) Radiological Modalities: It is said that the invention of X-Rays by Roentgen in 1895 sparked off a trend of innovation in medicine. Clinical applications of X-Rays lead to the birth of radiology – one of the branches of medicine that has a significant role in other specialties like orthopedics and neurology. Computed Tomography (CT) scanning is an extension of use of X-Rays in medicine. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MR) is another very important imaging modality that uses magnetic field and it was invented almost the same time as CT. Sideways radiology also saw the developments and use of ultrasounds in medicine. Nuclear Medicine vs. X-Rays, CT & MRI: Utility: Besides the anatomical (structural) information nuclear medicine (also called radionuclide scanning) also presents to the doctors the function of the body’s organ as well. This information enables the doctors to understand if the org an is functioning properly. In the case of other radiological modalities like X-Ray, CT etc, the information captured by them is purely anatomical. It is worth including here that the nuclear medicine images give lesser information about spatial resolution but the images obtained in nuclear medicine may help us to diagnose an ailment sooner than any other radiological